Playing movies and music, ripping DVDs, and making Skype calls – that's all possible with Ubuntu. Although the Ubuntu installer already provides basic "third-party" multimedia codecs, these options might not fulfill everyone's wishes. At least, the distribution loads the legitimate MP3 codec from Fluendo onto the computer through the ubuntu-restricted-addons package, along with components for the GStreamer framework (plugins-ugly , plugins-bad , ffmpeg ) and a Flash plugin installer from Adobe.

As a result, you can play MP3 files, burn audio CDs, and view more than 90 movie formats right after installation. However, the installed package is not compliant with the ubuntu-restricted-extras package that you should install after the installation. It provides additional codecs for GStreamer, some typical Microsoft fonts (that you need to sign an EULA for first) and the UnRAR unpacker. You'll also need to install the LAME library so that you can create and play MP3 files from audio CDs.

GStreamer

Generally, numerous programs in Ubuntu play music and movies, but there are some standard apps. Rhythmbox (Figure 1) is the preinstalled app for playing music. You can use the software to convert CDs to MP3 format, although RipperX [1] is much better suited for this. Totem, on the other hand, is the default video player. This very simple player uses the GStreamer format. The drop-down menu used to access the videos and podcasts from YouTube and the BBC in the past is missing in the current version (Figure 2). Many users, however, also install VLC, the multimedia player that plays everything, provides more features than Totem, and can be extended easily through modules. You can find these modules using the command-line apt tool if you search with;

Figure 1: Rhythmbox plays not only MP3s but also radio stations, and it provides integrated music shops. Better software exists for converting from audio CDs.

Figure 2: Totem is becoming more and more minimalistic with every version. If you need more control over your media, VLC is a better option.

apt search vlc-plugin

With CDs and DVDs fall from grace, there is no preinstalled default app for burning disks. You can still find Brasero in the Software app, however. Brasero provides an integrated cover editor. Although Brasero does not do Blu-ray recording. However, K3B, also available in the Software app, does, although it will involve some system tweaking. Apart from K3B, you will have to install a special PPA that substitutes wodim , the default underlying disk-burning software, for cdrecord , a software that can handle Blu-ray disks. There are full instructions on how to do this online [2].

Running in the background for the previously mentioned programs is GStreamer, which is a modular multimedia framework that's available to many audio and video apps. Thus, many programs don't need to support special codecs because GStreamer provides the playback capability. To play an MP3 file, Rhythmbox hands over the task to GStreamer, which rummages through its resources for a plugin that takes care of the MP3 format. Using the contained codecs, GStreamer converts the files into audible material (Figure 3). To teach Totem and Rhythmbox new data formats, often you can just install a matching GStreamer plugin.

Figure 3: Rhythmbox and Totem rely on the GStreamer framework that provides the necessary plugins with new codecs.

Dangerous Liaisons

Although you can use these "limited extras" for multimedia formats, you can't watch encrypted DVDs – which covers just about all commercial DVDs. Well, you can but you have to bypass the Content Scrambling System (CSS). This requires libdvdcss2 , provided by VideoLan [3], but this is considered a legal gray area in many countries. Use of this software is often banned because it cancels the CSS playback protection and is therefore considered to violate the "effective copy protection mechanism."

In some countries, you can resort to a commercial Linux program for legal playback: the Fluendo DVD player [4], whose developers also participate in GStreamer. You can find the latter in the For Purchase repository. Until about a year and a half ago, you could turn to the Medibuntu repository. It used to house – apart from MPlayer and Mencoder – another codec package that you needed to play and edit movies in all formats. Medibuntu since has been closed and all of its packages have been moved to the main repositories (except for libdvdcss mentioned above).

Partners and Shopping Sources

Some proprietary applications like Skype and VMware View Client aren't offered in the Ubuntu's standard repositories. Although these programs might be free (as in beer), they're often under proprietary licenses and are not provided with open sources.

These third-party apps can often be found in the Canonical Partners repository that you must first activate. In Software app, click on the Ubuntu Software drop-down menu and then on Software & Updates , click the Other Software tab, then activate the Canonical Partners entry. Again, it might take a while before the sources appear in Software Center.

The For Purchase repository has completely disappeared from Ubuntu 16.04. If you want to buy games, we recommend you install Valve's Steam with

sudo apt install steam

Steam for Linux works exactly the same as for Windows (Figure 4). However, remember that not all the games you can find for Windows work on Linux. Use Steam's search functionality to find what you're looking for and, in the column on the right, under the Narrow by OS section, click the SteamOS+Linux (Figure 5) to limit the selection to programs that work on Ubuntu.

Figure 4: You can download and play games with Valve's Steam as you would on other platforms.

Figure 5: Search for SteamOS+Linux to find games that will work on Ubuntu.

GOG also provides games for Ubuntu now, and a command-line utility called lgogdownloader helps you manage downloads, updates, and purchases from the site.

That said, you can download some very cool free software games from the preinstalled Software app. Click on the Games category, and you'll find a wide range of action, arcade, simulation, and puzzle games. Among our favorites, Minetest , a fantastic open source mining, crafting, building, and survival game; 0AD , a gorgeous-looking, civilization-building strategy game; PokerTH , which allows you to play the Texas hold 'em variant of poker against computer rivals, on a local network or on public servers on the Internet; and finally, a front end for the MAME emulator, which will let you play thousands of classical arcade and console games on your desktop.

Adobe Products

Loading the flashplugin-installer package on the computer brings in the latest Flash versions direct from the Adobe website. You might have installed Adobe's PDF Reader from the partner repository in the past. But, you will only need it if Ubuntu's Evince built-in PDF viewer has break down opening a file – which does happen in rare cases with PDF files with 3D content or very complicated graphics with many levels. For security reasons, you should avoid using Adobe Reader.

Skype and Google Video

Even the new version 4 of Skype is in the Canonical Partners repository. Apart from videotelephony, it also provides desktop sharing: To make collaboration easier, your conversational partner can peek at your desktop. Thanks to the new version, the image quality of Skype for Linux is gradually matching that of the Windows client. Be aware, though, that Skype is one of the pieces of software that most spies on your communications. If you value your privacy, don't use it.

As an alternative to Skype, check out Google's Hangout video platform, which also allows calls among multiple participants (Figure 6). You'll need a Google account, so register at the Google website and go to the left at the top of the Google+ profile. In the right-hand column, select Start Hangout and install a video plugin for your system. You can simply download the corresponding DEB package and double-click the file manager.

Figure 6: Like Skype, Google Hangout provides video chat capability.

Google Hangouts are also suspect when it comes to user privacy. An experimental but very secure and private alternative is Tox [5] (Figure 7), a new, free, and open protocol that implements peer-to-peer encrypted live communication, including audio and video chats. Your best bet is to download the μTox client [6]; then, you just have to decompress it, and it is ready to use.

Figure 7: Tox is secure and keeps your conversations, even your video chats, private.

Google Earth

Those who enjoy using Google Earth [7] can also install it in Ubuntu 16.04. Just download the corresponding Debian package for your architecture, and then go to Software Center and install the lsb-core package. Double-clicking the Google Earth package loads it on the computer, which can take a while mainly because the package grabs additional files from an online server. Be sure you have enough free space reserved. Then, you can start Google Earth by entering goog in the Dash. Be forewarned, however, Google Earth is no fun without proper 3D acceleration.

The New Java

To use Java applications, you need a Java Runtime Environment (JRE). Ubuntu does not provide Oracle's proprietary Java version anymore – only the free OpenJDK. Because some Java programs had problems in the past with OpenJDK, many users often resorted to the proprietary Java (sun-java ). But, that's missing now because Oracle put it under a non-free license. Because the proprietary Java is compatible with OpenJDK 8 – the official Java reference – most Java programs should be able to make do with the free Java. You can install the software from the openjdk-8-jdk and icedtea-8-plugin packages, and the older version from openjdk-7-jdk and icedtea-7-plugin via the following command:

$ sudo update-alternatives --config java

This step activates one of the parallel installed Java versions. If an app refuses to run, it's best to submit a bug report at the Ubuntu wiki [8].

Seek and You Shall Find

You can install many proprietary apps and multimedia codecs from the existing repositories. Numerous proprietary Windows programs also run in the Wine Windows-compatible environment [9]. Other than that, take a look in the Ubuntu package manager, because almost any application has a free alternative.