Installing Ubuntu 16.04

Ubuntu names device files on hard drives according to a particular schema: /dev/sda is the first detected hard drive, with /dev/sda1 its primary partition (/dev/sda2 through /dev/sda4 are the three other primary partitions). The /dev/sda5 device is the first logical partition located in the (/dev/sda2 extended partition. Windows should always be located in the first primary partition (/dev/sda1 ), and generally also in /dev/sda2 . If you plug a USB stick or external hard drive in the USB slot, these external storage devices are listed as /dev/sdb , with everything else following the same schema. Using the sudo fdisk -l command, you can get an overview of the available hard disk and USB memory, as well as the available partitions and filesystems.

Windows likes to save its files across the entire hard disk. By defragging the Windows partition, you arrange the scattered file fragments in a contiguous region. You can then shrink the partition without destroying any installed programs. In Windows 7, you can start the defragging with Start | Programs | Accessories | System Tools . In Windows 8, use the search option to look for the defrag program. If you freshly installed Windows, a program called chkdisk routinely looks for damage to the partition, and then Windows can boot normally.

After defragging, you can begin shrinking the Windows partition. At the bottom of the Start menu, type hard and click Create and format hard drive partition . Window XP and Vista have similar functions.

Next, select the Windows partition you want to shrink. Right-click and choose Shrink Volume , enter a desired value in the Total size after shrink in MB field, click Shrink , and restart Windows.

In any case, after you install Ubuntu and restart Windows, Windows resorts to chkdisk to check for possible damage. The system then restarts the computer again before starting up normally. Wubi [2], the tool to install Ubuntu on Windows, is included with Ubuntu 16.04, and you will be able to use it up to Windows 7. Wubi only works with Windows 8 and 10 if the machine uses the old BIOS firmware and the hybrid sleep option is disabled.

Installing Windows after Ubuntu is so complicated that we don't recommend you do it. But, if you do plan to do so, choose to create a manual partition in the Ubuntu installer (as described in the "DIY Ubuntu" box) while reserving an empty /dev/sda1 partition for Windows.

If you want to maintain some control over the installation, select the Something else option, although this option requires some knowledge of the Ubuntu hard drive structure (see the "Hard Drives in Ubuntu" box). Ideally, you would place at least two logical partitions for Ubuntu on an empty hard drive: a swap partition (/dev/sda5 ) and a partition for the root directory that is at least 4.9GB (/dev/sda6 ).

Optionally, add an extra partition for the /home directory (/dev/sda7 ) that gives you enough space for all your files. This partitioning has the advantage that you can install Ubuntu again later without losing your user data. Add the new partitions using Add . For the / and /home directories, selecting the Ext4 filesystem is best.